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EIRC Director

Steven A. Boggs, Director of EIRC and Research Professor of Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Materials Science

E-Mail: sboggs@mail.ims.uconn.edu

Education

• MBA, University of Toronto, 1987
• Ph.D., University of Toronto, 1972
• M.Sc., University of Toronto, 1969
• B.A., Reed College, Portland, Oregon, 1968

Positions Held

• Director, Engineering and Research, Underground Systems, Inc., 1987-1993
• Vice-President, Chicago Condenser Corporation, 1987-1992
• Ontario Hydro Research, various positions, January 1975-February, 1987
• Research Engineer, Electronic Associates, March 1974 to December, 1974
• PDF, Canada Center for Remote Sensing, September 1973 to March 1974

Experience

During his 12 years with the Research Division of Ontario Hydro, Steve conducted research in the areas of solid dielectrics, thermal cable design, and SF6-insulated systems. He was project leader of the team which developed the EPRI Thermal Property Analyzer (TPA), the first instrument to be licensed by EPRI. In the area of SF6-insulated systems, he pioneered the study of fast transients, and statistical modeling of disconnector operation. Much of this work was carried out in cooperation with the major manufacturers including Alsthom, ASEA, Brown-Boveri, and Siemens all of which were subcontractors under his direction during an EPRI-sponsored project to improve the reliability of solid dielectric spacers for GIS. Steve was elected a Fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to GIS technology.  He also worked extensively in the area of partial discharge detection and solid dielectrics.  He made some of the first ultrawideband measurements of PD pulses and did the base work on the theory of ultrawideband PD detection, propagation of PD pulses in shielded cables, etc.  At Underground Systems, Inc., Steve conceived and patented the room temperature HTSC cable design under EPRI sponsorship which was developed by Pirelli and American Superconductor.  As part of this work, he published the first measurements of AC conduction losses in high temperature superconducting conductors.  He also invented a new cable termination design which has been fully qualified.  At the University of Connecticut, Steve has concentrated on high field phenomena in solid dielectrics, and development and applications of programs for transient nonlinear finite element analysis.  As seen from the selected publications below, he has continued some work in the area of SF6 insulated systems, outdoor insulation, etc.

Steve is author of over 100 technical publications and is a Contributing Editor to Electrical Insulation Magazine. Steve has consulted for the ITAIPU Hydro Electric Project in Brazil, FURNAS (Rio de Janeiro), numerous US utilities, Union Carbide (DOW), EXXON, Toshiba Corporation of Japan, ABB, The Okonite Company, etc.

Selected Publications

Partial Discharge

• Boggs, S.A. “The Case for Frequency Domain PD Testing in the Context of Distribution Cable”. Submitted to IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. Nov. 2002.
• Boggs, S.A. and R.J. Densley.  “Fundamentals of Partial Discharge in the Context of Field Cable Testing”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 16, No. 5, Sept/Oct 2000. pp. 13-18.
• Boggs, S.A. and G.C. Stone.  “Fundamental Limitations to the Measurement of Corona and Partial Discharge”.  IEEE Trans. EI-17, April, 1982. p. 143.
• Stone, G.C. and S.A. Boggs.  “Propagation of Partial Discharge Pulses in Shielded Power Cable”.  1982 Annual Report of the Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.  p. 275-280.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Partial Discharge:  Overview and Signal Generation”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 4, July/August 1990, p. 33.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Partial Discharge:  Detection Sensitivity”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, September/October 1990. p. 35
• Boggs, S.A.  “Partial Discharge:  Cavity-Induced PD in Solid Dielectrics”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 6, November/December 1990.  p. 11.
• Boggs, S.A., R.G. Bommakanti, and D. Baker. "Optimum PD Test Method for Large Capacitors". IEEE Trans EI-26, No. 3, June 1991, p. 479.
• Boggs, S.A., G.L. Ford, and R.C. Madge.  “Coupling Devices for the Detection of Partial Discharges in Gas-Insulated Switchgear”.  IEEE Trans. PAS-100, August, 1981, p 3969-3973.
• Boggs, S.A., A. Pathak, and P. Walker.  “Partial Discharge XXII:  High Frequency Attenuation in Shielded Solid Dielectric Power Cable and Implications Thereof for PD Location”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 12, January/February 1996.  pp. 9-16.

ZnO Arresters

• Boggs, S.A. and H. Andoh  “A Statistical Approach to Prediction of ZnO Arrester Element Characteristics”.  IEEE Trans. PD-16, No. 4, October 2001.  pp. 604-610.
• Boggs, S.A. J. Kuang, H. Andoh, and S. Nishiwaki.  “Increased Energy Absorption in ZnO Arrester Elements through Control of Electrode Edge Margin”.  IEEE Trans. PD. Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2000.  pp. 562-568.
• Andoh, H., S. Nishiwaki, H. Suzuki, S. Boggs, and J. Kuang.  “Failure Mechanisms and Recent Improvements in ZnO Arrester Elements”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan/Feb 2000.  pp. 25-31.
• Zheng, Zhong, Susumu Nishiwaki, S.A. Boggs, and Takato Fukano.  "Effects of Heat Sinks in Metal Oxide Surge Arresters on ZnO Element Power Dissipation and Temperature Distribution".  IEEE Trans. PD-20, No. 2, April 2005.  pp. 1402-1408. 
• Boggs, S.A., J. Kuang, H. Andoh, and S. Nishiwaki.  "Electro-Thermal-Mechanical Computations in ZnO Arrester Elements".  IEEE Trans PD., Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2000.  pp. 128-134.

Transient Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis and Applications Thereof

• Jayaram, S., and S.A. Boggs.  “Optimization of Electroporation Waveforms for Sterilization”.  accepted for publication in to IEEE Trans IAS, June 2004.
• Zheng, Zhong and S.A. Boggs.  “Efficient Solution to Transient Nonlinear Field Problems”.  2002 Annual Report of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. October 2002. pp.  130-133.
• Kuang, J. and S.A. Boggs.  “Pipe-Type Cable Losses for Balanced and Unbalanced Currents”.  IEEE Trans. PD-17, No. 2, April 2002.  pp. 313-317.
• Kuang, J. and S.A. Boggs.  “Computation of Thermo-Chemical Phenomena Related to High Temperature HPFF Cable Operation”.  IEEE Trans. PD-16, No. 4, October 2001.  pp. 449-455.
• Boggs, S.A., S. Nishiwaki, M. Toyoda, and J. Kuang.  “Scaling of High Current Contact Thermal Stability”.  2002 IEEE Asian T&D Conference.
• Kuang, J., J.D. Lavers, and S.A.Boggs.  “Program for Transient Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis with Applications to Coupled Field Problems”  Proceedings of the 1997 ISH (International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering), Montreal, Canada.  Vol. 6, pp. 141-144.

Transient Phenomena in Power Systems

• Zhou, Liming, and S.A Boggs.  "High Frequency Attenuating Cable for Protection of Low-Voltage AC Motors Fed by PWM Inverters". IEEE Trans. PD-20, No. 2, April 2005.  pp. 548-553.
• Zhou, Li-Ming and S.A. Boggs.  “Effect of High Frequency Cable Attenuation on Lightning-Induced Overvoltages on Transformers”.  2002 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, 5-7 May 2002, pp. A3-1 to A3-7.
• Jiang, G., S.A. Boggs, J.W. Tarpey, and R. Wamer.  “Effect of Spacer Cable Ground Resistance on Lightning-Induced Overvoltages”.  Submitted for review
• Jiang, G., S.A. Boggs, J.W. Tarpey, and R. Wamer.  “Spacer Cable Lightning-Induced Overvoltages Computed Using Measured Ground Resistances”.  Submitted for review.

Solid Dielectric Cables

• Zheng, Z. and S.A. Boggs. “Defect Tolerance of Transmission Class Solid Dielectric Cable”. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan/Feb 2005. pp. 35-41 .
• Bascom, E.C., W. Banker, and S.A. Boggs.  "Magnetic Field Management Considerations for Underground Cable Duct Bank".  IEEE PES T&D Conference, New Orleans, LA, October 2005.
• Zhou, J.Y. and S.A. Boggs.  "Prediction of Transient Transfer Functions at Cable-Transformer Interfaces".  IEEE PES T&D Conference, New Orleans, LA, October 2005.
• Boggs, S.A., Chenchuan Xu, Liming Zhou, and Yingneng Zhou.  “High Frequency Properties of Shielded Power Cable – Part 1:  Overview of Mechanisms”.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Mechanisms for Degradation of TR-XLPE Impulse Strength during Service Aging”.  IEEE Trans. PD-17, No. 2, April 2002.  pp. 308-317.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Failure Mechanisms of Shielded Power Cable Related to High Ground Shield Resistance and/or Insulation of Neutral Wires from the Ground Shield”.  IEEE Trans. PD-17, No. 2, April 2002.  pp. 295-301.
• Cao, Y. and S.A. Boggs.  “Thermally-Induced Currents in Coaxial Signal Cables”.  Accepted by IEEE Trans PD.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Is 500 Ohm-m Low Enough Resistivity for a Cable Semicon?”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vo. 17, No. 4, July/August 2001.  pp. 26-32.
• Zhou, L.M. and S.A. Boggs. “Effect of Shielded Distribution Cable on Very Fast Transients”. IEEE Trans PD-15, No. 3, July 2000. pp. 857-863.
• Boggs, S.A. and J.J. Xu.  “Water Treeing -Filled vs Unfilled Cable Insulation”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan/Feb 2001, pp. 23-29.
• Boggs, S.A., R.J. Densley, and J. Kuang.  ªMechanism for Conversion of Water Trees to Electrical Trees under Impulse Conditionsº.  IEEE Trans. PD-13, No. 2, April 1998. pp.  310-315.
• Xu, J.J. and S.A. Boggs.  “The Chemical Nature of Water Treeing - Theories and Evidence”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 5, Sept/Oct 1994.  pp. 29-37.

DC Cables

• Boggs, S.A., D.H. Damon, J. Hjerrild, J. Holboll, and M. Henriksen.  “Effect of Insulation Properties on the Field Grading of Solid Dielectric DC Cable”.  IEEE Trans PD-16, No. 4, October 2001. pp. 456-461.
• Hjerrild, J., J. Holboll, and M. Henriksen and S.A. Boggs.  “Effect of Semicon-Dielectric Interface on Conductivity and Electric Field Distribution”  IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.  Vol. 9, No. 4, August 2002.  pp. 596-603.

Nonlinear Dielectrics

• Qi, X., Z. Zheng, and S. Boggs. "Engineering with Nonlinear Dielectrics". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 6, Nov/Dec 2005. pp. 27-34.
• Zhou, J.Y. and S.A. Boggs.  “Dielectric Properties of Three Component Mixtures of Nonlinear, Resistive, and Nonconducting Grains”.  2003 Annual Report of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.  October 2003.
• Zhou, J.Y. and S.A. Boggs.  “Measurement of Nonlinear Dielectric Properties - Effect of Dielectric Dispersion”.  Annual Report of the 2001 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.  IEEE Publication No. 01CH37225, pp. 153-156.
• Boggs, S.A. and J.Y. Zhou.  “Dielectric Property Measurement of Nonlinear Grading Materials”.  2000 Annual Report of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.  pp. 764-767.

Measurement Instrumentation

• Zhou, J.Y. and S.A. Boggs.  “Low Energy High Voltage Impulse Generator”.  IEEE Trans. DEI, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2004, pp. 597-602.
• Cao, Y., G.G. Jiang, and S.A. Boggs.  “Guarded Needle for 'Charge Injection' Measurement.”  Rev. Sci. Inst., Vol. 73, No. 8, August 2002.  pp. 3012-3017.
• Boggs, S.A. and N. Fujimoto.  “Minimization of Electromagnetic Resonances in Circular Planar Capacitive Voltage Dividers”.  1984 Annual Report of the Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. IEEE, 1984.
• Li, L.T. and S.A. Boggs.  “Circuit to Cancel AC Displacement Current to Reveal Dissipative and Nonlinear Conduction Phenomena”.  Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 70, No. 9, Sept. 1999.  pp. 3749-3754.
• Boggs, S.A. and N. Fujimoto.  “Techniques and Instrumentation for Measurement of Transients in Gas-Insulated Switchgear”.  IEEE Trans. EI-19, No. 2. April, 1984, p. 87.
• Munnings, R.H. and S.A. Boggs.  “A Microampere Current Source with Modulation Capability and 200 V Compliance”.  Rev. Sci. Inst. Vol. 41, No. 9, 1970.  p. 1369.

SF6-Insulated Systems

• Boggs, S.A., T. Uchii, and S. Nishiwaki.  “Analytical Approach to SF6 Breakdown under Transient Conditions”.  IEEE Trans. PD. Vol 18, No. 3, July 2003, pp. 751-757.
• Uchii, T., S. Nishiwaki, and S.A. Boggs.  “Exhaust Tube Gas Dynamics During Puffer Circuit Breaker Operation”.
• Uchii, T., S. Nishiwaki, and S.A. Boggs.  “Effects of Hot SF6 on Post-Arc Circuit Breaker Design”.  IEEE Trans. PD., Vol. 19, No. 1, January 2004.  p. 124.
• Uchii, T., T. Nakamoto, S. Nishiwaki, M. Toyoda, and S.A. Boggs. “Optimization of Dead Tank Gas Circuit Breaker Design Based on Quantification of Hot Gas Flow and Dielectric Properties”. IEEE Trans. PD, Vol. 19, No. 1, January 2004. p. 181.
• Boggs, S.A. and Y. Wang.  “Trapped Charge-Induced Field Distortion of GIS Spacers”.  IEEE Trans PD-10, July 1995.  pp. 1270-1275.
• Wiegart, N., L. Niemeyer, F. Pinnekamp, W. Boeck, J. Kindersberger, R. Morrow, W. Zaengl, M. Zwicky, I. Gallimberti, and S.A. Boggs.  “Inhomogeneous Field Breakdown in GIS - The Prediction of Breakdown Probabilities and Voltages.  Part I:  Overview of a Theory for Inhomogeneous Field Breakdown in SF6”.  IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 3, July, 1988, p. 923.
• Wiegart, N., L. Niemeyer, F. Pinnekamp, W. Boeck, J. Kindersberger, R. Morrow, W. Zaengl, M. Zwicky, I. Gallimberti, and S.A. Boggs.  “Inhomogeneous Field Breakdown in GIS - The Prediction of Breakdown Probabilities and Voltages.  Part II: Ion Density and Statistical Time Lag”.  IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 3, July, 1988, p. 931
• Wiegart, N., L. Niemeyer, F. Pinnekamp, W. Boeck, J. Kindersberger, R. Morrow, W. Zaengl, M. Zwicky, I. Gallimberti, and S.A. Boggs.  “Inhomogeneous Field Breakdown in GIS - The Prediction of Breakdown Probabilities and Voltages.  Part III:  Discharge Development in SF6 and Computer Model of Breakdown”.  IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 3, July, 1988, p. 939.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Sulphur Hexafluoride:  Introduction to the Material and Dielectric”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 5, September/October 1989, p. 18.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Sulphur Hexafluoride - A Complex Dielectric”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 6, November/December 1989, p. 16.
• Boggs, S.A. and H-H. Schramm.  “Current Interruption and Switching in Sulphur Hexafluoride”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 1, January/February 1990, p. 12.
• Boggs, S.A., N. Fujimoto, M. Collod, and E. Thuries. “The Modeling of Statistical Operating Parameters and The Computation of Operation-Induced Surge Waveforms for GIS Disconnectors”. 1984 CIGRE, paper 13-15.
• Boggs, S.A., F.Y. Chu, N. Fujimoto, A. Krenicky, A. Plessl, and D. Schlicht.  “Disconnect Switch Induced Transients and Trapped Charge in Gas-Insulated Substations”.  IEEE Trans. PAS-101, October, 1982.
• Fujimoto, N., E.P. Dick, S.A. Boggs, and G.L. Ford.  “Transient Ground Potential Rise in Gas Insulated Substations-Experimental Studies”.  IEEE Trans. PAS-101, October, 1982.
• Kindersberger, J., N. Wiegart, and S.A. Boggs.  “Ion Production Rates in SF6 and the Relevance thereof to Gas-Insulated Switchgear”.  1985 Annual Report of the Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. IEEE Publication 85-CH2165-9. p. 123.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Electromagnetic Techniques for Fault and Partial Discharge Location in Gas-Insulated Switchgear”.  IEEE Trans PAS-101, No. 7, July 1982.
• Boggs, S.A., G.L. Ford, and R.C. Madge.  “Coupling Devices for the Detection of Partial Discharges in Gas-Insulated Switchgear”.  IEEE Trans. PAS-100, August, 1981, p 3969-3973.
• Ford, G.L. and S.A. Boggs.  “Transient Groundrise in SF6 Substations Investigated”.  Transmission & Distribution Magazine, Vol. 31, No. 8, Aug. 1979.

High Field Phenomena in Dielectrics

• Boggs, S.A.  "Very High Field Phenomena in Dielectrics".  Submitted for Trans DEI.2005 Digest Issue.
• Cao. Y. and S.A. Boggs.  "Mechanism of High Field Electroluminescence and Determination  of the Space Charge Limited Field in Polymeric Dielectrics".  Submitted to IEEE Trans DEI.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Analytical Approach to Breakdown under Impulse Conditions”.  IEEE Trans. DEI, Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2004.  pp. 90-97.
• Zheng, Z. and S.A. Boggs. “Defect Tolerance of Transmission Class Solid Dielectric Cable”. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan/Feb 2005. pp. 35-41 .
• Boggs, S.A.  “A Rational Consideration of Space Charge”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 4, July/August 2004, pp.  22-27.
• Cao, Y. and S.A. Boggs.  “Electroluminescence in Divergent Field”.  2003 Annual Report of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.  October 2003.
• Qi, X., Z. Zheng, and S.A. Boggs.  “Computation of Electro-thermal Breakdown of Polymer Films”.  2003 Annual Report of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.  October 2003.
• Cao, Y. G.G. Jiang, and S.A. Boggs.  “High Field Measurements with a Guarded Needle”.  Electrical Insulation Magazine. Vol. 19, No. 3, May/June 2003.
• Cao, Yang and S.A. Boggs.  “Electroluminescence Study of Fluid-Impregnated Polymeric Dielectrics”.  2002 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, April 2002, Boston.  pp.  294-297.
• Cao, Y. and S.A. Boggs.  “Electroluminescence Based Determination of the Space Charge Limited Field”.  Annual Report of the 2001 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, IEEE Publication No. 01CH37225, pp. 236-239.
• Jiang, G., J. Kuang, and S.A. Boggs.  “Evaluation of High Field Conduction Models of Polymeric Dielectrics”.  2000 Annual Report of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.  pp. 187-190.
• Boggs, S.A. and J. Kuang.  “High Field Effects in Solid Dielectrics”.  IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 6, November/December 1998, pp. 5-12.
• Jiang, G., J. Kuang, and S.A. Boggs.  “Critical Parameters for Electrical Tree Formation in XLPE”.  IEEE Trans. PD-13, No. 2, April 1998. pp.  292-296.
• Kuang, J. and S.A. Boggs.  “Thermal-Electric Field Distribution around a Defect in Polyethylene”.  IEEE Trans. PD-13, No. 1, Jan. 1998, pp. 23-27.
• Boggs, S.A.  “Semi-Empirical High Field Conduction Model for Polyethylene and Implications Thereof”.  IEEE Trans EI. Vol. 2. No. 1, February 1995.  pp. 97-106.

Capacitor Technology

• Qi, X. and S.A. Boggs.  “Electrothermal Failure of Metallized Film Capacitor End Connections - Computation of Temperature Rise at Connection Spots”.  J. App. Phys., Vol. 94, No. 7, 1 October 2003.  pp. 4449-4455.
• Qi, X., J. Ronzello, and S.A. Boggs.  “Dielectric Properties of Metalized Paper-Film Capacitors”.  Submitted to Trans. DEI.  March 2003.
• Boggs, S.A., R.G. Bommakanti, and D. Baker.  "Optimum PD Test Method for Large Capacitors".  IEEE Trans EI-26, No. 3, June 1991, p. 479.

Outdoor Insulation Systems

• Homma, H., C.L. Mirely, J. Ronzello, and S.A. Boggs. “Field and Laboratory Aging of RTV Silicone Insulator Coatings”. IEEE Trans PD-15, No. 4, October 2000. pp. 1298-1303.
• Homma, H., T. Kuroyagi, K. Izumi, C.L. Mirely, J.R. Ronzello, and S.A. Boggs.  “Evaluation of Surface Degradation of Silicone Rubber Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy”.  IEEE Trans PD-15, No. 2, April 2000. pp. 796-803.
• Eldridge, K., J.J. Xu, W. Yin, A-M Jeffery, J. Ronzello, and S.A. Boggs.  “Degradation of a Silicone-Based Coating in a Substation Application”.  IEEE Trans. PD, Vol. 14, No. 1, January 1999.  pp. 188-193.
• Homma, H. T. Kuroyagi, K. Izumi, C.L. Mirley, J. Ronzello, and S.A. Boggs. “Diffusion of Low Molecular Weight Siloxane from Bulk to Surface”. IEEE Trans. DEI-6, No. 3, June 1999. pp. 370-375.

High Temperature Superconductivity

• Boggs, S.A., E.W. Collings, and M.V. Parish.  “AC Losses in High Temperature Superconducting Conductor Elements”.  IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity Vol. 2, No. 3, September 1992.  p. 117.

Soil Thermal Properties

• Boggs, S.A., F.Y. Chu, H.S. Radhakrishna, and J.E. Steinmanis, eds.  Underground Cable Thermal Backfill.  Pergamon Press, 1982.
• Boggs, S.A., F.Y. Chu, H.S. Radhakrishna, and J.E. Steinmanis.  “Measurements of Soil Thermal Properties - Techniques and Instrumentation”.  IEEE Trans PAS-99, No. 2, 1980.  p. 747-752.
• Radhakrishna, H., F.Y. Chu, and S.A. Boggs.  “Improved Thermal Design of Underground Transmission Systems - The Importance of Thermal Stability”.  Transmission & Distribution, January, 1980.
• Boggs, S.A., F.Y. Chu, and J.D.A. Griffin.  “Improved Thermal Design of Underground Transmission Systems - Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”.  Transmission & Distribution, February, 1980.
• Radhakrishna, H.S., F.Y. Chu, and S.A. Boggs.  “Thermal Stability and its Prediction in Cable Backfill Soils”.  IEEE Trans PAS-99, No. 3, 1980.  p. 865.